References

Atmosphere

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Honda, M., J. Inoue, and S. Yamane, 2009: Influence of low Arctic sea-ice minima on anomalously cold Eurasian winters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08707, doi:10.1029/2008GL037079.

Overland, J. E., and M. Wang, 2010: Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice. Tellus, 62A, 1–9.

Petoukhov, V., and V. Semenov, 2010: A link between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., ISSN 0148-0227.

Seager, R., Y. Kushnir, J. Nakamura, M. Ting, and N. Naik (2010), Northern Hemisphere winter snow anomalies: ENSO, NAO and the winter of 2009/10, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14703, doi:10.1029/2010GL043830

Sea Ice

Kwok R., Near zero replenishment of the Arctic multiyear sea ice cover at the end of 2005 summer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05501, doi:10.1029/2006GL028737, 2007.

Maslanik J. A., C. Fowler, J. Stroeve, S. Drobot, J. Zwally, D. Yi, W. Emery, A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24501, doi:10.1029/2007GL032043, 2007.

National Snow and Ice Data Center, Web Site, http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2010/100410.html

Nghiem, S. V., I. G. Rigor, D. K. Perovich, P. Clemente-Colon, J. W. Weatherly, and G. Neumann, Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19504, doi:10.1029/2007GL031138, 2007.

Stroeve, J.C., J. Maslanik, M.C. Serreze, I, Rigor, W. Meier, and C. Fowler, 2010.  Sea ice response to an extreme negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation during winter 2009/2010, Geophys. Res. Lett. (submitted).

Ocean

Jackson, J. M., E. C. Carmack, F. A. McLaughlin, S. E. Allen, and R. G. Ingram, 2010: Identification, characterization, and change of the nearsurface temperature maximum in the Canada Basin, 1993-2008. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C05021, doi:10.1029/2009JC005265.

Li, W. K., F. A. McLaughlin, C. Lovejoy, and E. C. Carmack, 2009: Smallest algae thrive as the Arctic Ocean freshens. Science, 326, 539.

Polyakov, I. V., and L. A. Timokhov, 1994: Mean fields of temperature and salinity of the Arctic Ocean. Russian Meteor. Hydrol., 7, 33–38.

Proshutinsky, A. Y., and M. A. Johnson, 1997: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C6), 12 493–12 514.

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Timokhov, L., and F. Tanis, Eds., 1997: Environmental Working Group Joint U.S.-Russian Atlas of the Arctic Ocean-Winter Period. Environmental Research Institute of Michigan in association with the National Snow and Ice Data Center, CD-ROM.

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Yamamoto-Kawai, M., F. McLaughlin, E. Carmark, S. Nishino, and K. Shimada, 2009: Aragonite undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: Effects of ocean acidification and sea ice melt. Science, 326, 1098–1100.

Vegetation

Bhatt, U.S., Walker, D.A., Raynolds, M.K., Comiso, J.C., Epstein, H.E., Jia, G.J., Gens, R., Pinzon, J.E., Tucker, C.J., Tweedie, C.E., and Webber, P.J., 2010, Circumpolar Arctic tundra vegetation change is linked to sea-ice decline: Earth Interactions, 14, doi: 10.1175/2010EI315.1

Gould, W. A. and, J. A. Mercado-Díaz. 2008. Twenty year record of vegetation change from long-term plots in Alaskan tundra. Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C11C-0524.

Hill, G. B., and G. H. R. Henry (2010), Responses of High Arctic wet sedge tundra to climate warming since 1980, Global Change Biology. Published online 14 Jun 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02244.x

Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henry (2009), Increased plant biomass in a High Arctic heath community from 1981 to 2008, Ecology, 90, 2657-2663.

Johnson, D. R., S. Villarreal, M. Lara, P. J. Webber, T. Callaghan, D. Hik, and C. E. Tweedie (2009), IPY-Back to the Future: Determining decadal time scale change in ecosystem structure and function in high latitude and high altitude tundra ecosystems. , Eos, Trans/ AGU 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B33A-0372.

Jones, B. M., C. A. Kolden, R. Jandt, J. T. Abatzoglou, F. Urban, and C. D. Arp (2009), Fire behavior, weather, and burn severity of the 2007 anaktuvuk River tundra fire, North Slope, Alaska, Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 41, 309-316.

Kokelj, S. V., T. C. Lantz, J. Kanigan, S. L. Smith, and R. Coutts (2009), Origin and polycyclic behavior of tundra thaw slumps, Mackenzie delta region, Northwest Territories, Canada, Permafrost Periglac. Proc., 20, 173-184.

Lantz (2008), Relative influence of temperature and disturbance on vegetation dynamics in the Low Arctic: an investigation at multiple scales, 153 pp, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Lantz, T. C., and S. V. Kokelj (2008), Increasing rates of retrogressive thaw slump activity in the Mackenzie delta region, N.W.T. Canada., Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L06502, doi:06510.01029/02007GL032433.

Lantz, T. C., S. V. Kokelj, S. E. Gergel, and G. H. R. Henry (2009), Relative impacts of disturbance and temperature: persistent changes in microenvironment and vegetation in retrogressive thaw slumps, Global Change Biology, 15, 1664-1675.

Leibman, M. O., and A. I. Kizyakov (2007), Cryogenic Landslides of the Yamal and Yugorsky Peninsulas (in Russian), 206 pp., Earth Cryosphere Institute SB RAS, Moscow.

Liljedahl, A., L. Hinzman, R. Busey, and K. Yoshikawa (2007), Physical short-term changes after a tussock tundra fire, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, JGR, 112, doi:10:1029/2006JF000554.

Rocha, A. V., and G. R. Shaver (2009), Advantages of a two band EVI calculated from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149, 1560-1563.

Ukraintseva, N. G. (2008), Vegetation response to landslide spreading and climate change in the West Siberian Tundra, in Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, edited by D. I. Kane and K. M. Hinkel, pp. 1793-1798, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks.

Walker, D. A., et al. (2009), Spatial and temporal patterns of greenness on the Yamal Peninsula, Russia: interactions of ecological and social factors affecting the Arctic normalized vegetation index, Environmental Research Letters, 4, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/1084/1084/045004.

Permafrost

Couture, R., S. Smith, S. D. Robinson, M. M. Burgess, and S. Solomon, 2003: On the hazards to infrastructure in the Canadian North associated with thawing of permafrost. Proceedings of Geohazards, 3rd Canadian Conference on Geotechnique and Natural Hazards. The Canadian Geotechnical Society: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; 97–104.

Christiansen, H.H, Etzelmüller, B., Isaksen, K., Juliussen, H., Farbrot, H., Humlum, O., Johansson, M., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Kristensen, L., Hjort, J, Holmlund, P., Sannel, A.B.K., Sigsgaard, C., Åkerman, H.J., Foged, N., Blikra, L.H., Pernosky, M.A. & Ødegård, R., 2010: The Thermal State of Permafrost in the Nordic area during IPY 2007-2009. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21: 156–181.

Drozdov, D. S., G. V. Malkova, and V. P. Melnikov, 2008: Recent Advances in Russian Geocryological Research: A Contribution to the International Polar Year, In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, June 29-July 3, Fairbanks, Alaska, 2008, Vol. 1, pp. 379-384.

Harris, C., and W. Haeberli, 2003: Warming permafrost in European mountains, World Meteorol. Org. Bull., 52(3), 6 pp., see also Global and Planetary Change, 39(2003), 215-225.

Isaksen, K., D. Vonder Mühll, H. Gubler, T. Kohl, and J. L. Sollid, 2000: Ground surface temperature reconstruction based on data from a deep borehole in permafrost at Janssonhaugen, Svalbard. Annals of Glaciology, 31, 287-294.

Oberman, N. G., 2008: Contemporary Permafrost Degradation of Northern European Russia, In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, June 29-July 3, Fairbanks, Alaska, 2008, Vol. 2, pp. 1305-1310.

Oberman, N. G., and G. G. Mazhitova, 2001: Permafrost dynamics in the northeast of European Russia at the end of the 20th century. Norwegian J. of Geography, 55, 241-244.

Oberman, N.G. and I.G. Shesler, 2009: Observed and projected changes in permafrost conditions within the European North-East of the Russian Federation, Problemy Severa I Arctiki Rossiiskoy Federacii (Problems and Challenges of the North and the Arctic of the Russian Federation), Vol. 9: 96-106 (in Russian).

Osterkamp, T.E., 2008: Thermal State of Permafrost in Alaska During the Fourth Quarter of the Twentieth Century (Plenary Paper), In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, June 29-July 3, Fairbanks, Alaska, 2008, Vol. 2, pp. 1333-1338.

Romanovsky, V. E., M. Burgess, S. Smith, K. Yoshikawa, and J. Brown, 2002: Permafrost temperature records: Indicator of climate change. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 83(50), 589, 593-594.

Romanovsky, V. E., S. Gruber, A. Instanes, H. Jin, S. S. Marchenko, S.L. Smith, D. Trombotto, and K. M. Walter, 2007: Frozen Ground, Chapter 7, In: Global Outlook for Ice and Snow, Earthprint, UNEP/GRID, Arendal, Norway, pp. 181-200.

Romanovsky, VE., Drozdov, DS. Oberman, NG., Malkova GV., Kholodov AL., Marchenko, SS. , Moskalenko, NG., Sergeev DO., Ukraintseva, NG., Abramov AA., Gilichinsky, DA., and AA.Vasiliev, 2010a: Thermal State of Permafrost in Russia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21:136-155.

Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., and Christiansen, H. H., 2010b: Permafrost Thermal State in the Polar Northern Hemisphere during the International Polar
Year 2007-2009: a synthesis. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21:106-116.

Smith, S. L., M. M. Burgess, D. Riseborough, and F. M. Nixon, 2005: Recent trends from Canadian permafrost thermal monitoring network sites. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 16, 19-30.

Smith, SL., Romanovsky, VE., Lewkowicz, AG., Burn, CR. Allard, M., Clow, GD., Yoshikawa, K. & Throop, J., 2010: Thermal State of Permafrost in North America – A Contribution to the International Polar Year. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21:117-135

River Discharge

Peterson B.J., Holmes R., McClelland J., Vörösmarty C., Lammers R.B., Shiklomanov A., Shiklomanov I. and Rahmstorf S. 2002: Increasing Arctic river discharge: responses and feedbacks to global climate change. Science, 298, 2171-3.

Shiklomanov A.I., Lammers R.B., 2009: Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis, Environmental Research Letters, 4, 045015 (9 pp.) doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045015.

Shiklomanov A. I., T. I. Yakovleva , R. B. Lammers, I. Ph. Karasev, C. J. Vörösmarty, E. Linder, 2006: Cold Region River Discharge Uncertainty - Estimates from Large Russian Rivers. Journal of Hydrology, 326 (2006), p. 231–256.

Willmott, C.J., S.M. Robeson, and M.J. Janis, 1996. Comparison of Approaches for Estimating Time-Averaged Precipitation Using Data from the USA. International Journal of Climatology, 16: 1103-111.

Terrestrial Snow

Brasnett, B. 1999. A global analysis of snow depth for numerical weather prediction. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 38: 726-740.

Brown, R., C. Derksen, and L. Wang. 2010. A multi-dataset analysis of variability and change in Arctic spring snow cover extent, 1967-2008. Journal of Geophysical Research. doi:10.1029/2010JD013975.

Derksen, C., P. Toose, A. Rees, L. Wang, M. English, A. Walker, and M. Sturm. 2010. Development of a tundra-specific snow water equivalent retrieval algorithm for satellite passive microwave data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 114: 1699-1709.

Dery, S., and R. Brown. 2007. Recent Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent trends and implications for the snow-albedo feedback. Geophysical Research Letters. 34: L22504, doi:10.1029/2007GL031474.

Francis, J., D. White, J. Cassano, W. Gutowski, L. Hinzman, M. Holland, M. Steele, and C. Vörösmarty. 2009. An arctic hydrologic system in transition: Feedbacks and impacts on terrestrial, marine, and human life. Journal of Geophysical Research. 114: G04019, doi:10.1029/2008JG000902.

Pulliainen, J. 2006. Mapping of snow water equivalent and snow depth in boreal and sub-arctic zones by assimilating space-borne microwave radiometer data and ground-based observations. Remote Sensing of Environment. 101(2): 257-269.

Glaciers outside Greenland

Kaser, G, Cogley, J.G., Dyurgerov, M.B., Meier, M.F. and Ohmura, A. 2006. Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: consensus estimates for 1961–2004. Geophysical Research Letters33, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027511

Meier, M.F., Dyurgerov, M.B., Rick, U.K., O’Neel, S., Pfeffer, W.T., Anderson, R.S., Anderson, S.P., and Glazovsky, A.F. 2007. Glaciers Dominate Eustatic Sea-Level Rise in the 21st Century. Science 317, 1064-1067.

Greenland

Fettweis, X., G. Mabille, M. Erpicum, S. Nicolay, and M. Van den Broeke, 2010: The 1958-2009 Greenland ice sheet surface melt and the mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation. Climate Dyn., doi:10.1007/ s00382-010-0772-8, in press.

Hansen, J.E., and S. Lebedeff, 1987: Global trends of measured surface air temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13345-13372.

Mote, T. L., 2007: Greenland surface melt trends 1973-2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22507, doi:10.1029/2007GL031976.

Tedesco, M.: Snowmelt detection over the Greenland ice sheet from SSM/I brightness temperature daily variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02504,doi:10.1029/2006GL028466, 2007.

Tedesco, M., Serreze, M., and Fettweis, X.: Diagnosing the extreme surface melt event over southwestern Greenland in 2007, The Cryosphere, 2, 159-166, doi:10.5194/tc-2-159-2008, 2008.

van de Wal, R. S. W., W. Greuell, M. R. van den Broeke, C.H. Reijmer and J. Oerlemans: Surface mass-balance observations and automatic weather station data along a transect near Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland, Annals of Glaciology, 42, 311-316, 2005.

Reindeer Herds

Ulvevadet, B. and K. Klokov (editors) 2004. Family-based reindeer herding and hunting economies, and the status and management of wild reindeer/caribou populations. Arctic Council Report. Center for Saami Studies, University of Tromso, Norway. 170 pp.

Russell, D., G. Kofinas, and B. Griffith. 2000. Need and opportunity for a North American caribou knowledge cooperative. Polar Research, 19(1): 117-130.

Arctic Wildlife

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA). 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1042 pp.

Post, E., Forchhammer, M.C., Bret-Harte, M.S., Callaghan, T.V., Christensen, T.R., Elberling, B., Fox, A.D., Gilg, O., Hik, D.S., Hoye, T.T., Ims, R.A., Jeppesen, E., Klein, D.R., Madsen, J., McGuire, A.D., Rysgaard, S., Schindler, D.E., Stirling, I., Tamstorf, M.P., Tyler, N.J.C., van der Wal, R., Welker, J., Wookey, P.A., Schmidt, N.M. & Aastrup, P. 2009. Ecological dynamics across the Arctic associated with recent climate change. Science. 325: 1355-1358.

Collen, B., Loh, J., Whitmee, S., McRae, L., Amin, R. & Baillie, J.E.M. 2009. Monitoring change in vertebrate abundance: the Living Planet Index. Conserv. Biol. 2009. 23(2): p. 317-327.

Loh, J., Collen, B., McRae, L., Carranza, T.T., Pamplin, F.A., Amin, R. & Baillie, J.E.M. 2008. Living Planet Index. In: C. Hails (ed.) Living Planet Report 2008. WWF International: Gland, Switzerland.

George, J.C., Zeh, J., Suydam, R. & Clark, C. 2006. Abundance and population trend of western arctic Bowhead Whales surveyed near Barrow, Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 20(4): p. 755-773.

Overland , J. 2008. Fisheries in the Bering Sea. In: J. Richter-Menge, J. Overland, M. Svoboda, J. Box, M.J.J.E. Loonen, A. Proshutinsky, V. Romanovsky, D. Russell, C.D. Sawatzky, M. Simpkins, R. Armstrong, I. Ashik, L.-S. Bai, D. Bromwich, J. Cappelen, E. Carmack, J. Comiso, B. Ebbinge, I. Frolov, J.C. Gascard, M. Itoh, G.J. Jia, R. Krishfield, F. McLaughlin, W. Meier, N. Mikkelsen, J. Morison, T. Mote, S. Nghiem, D. Perovich, I. Polyakov, J.D. Reist, B. Rudels, U. Schauer, A. Shiklomanov, K. Shimada , V. Sokolov, M. Steele, M.-L. Timmermans, J. Toole, B. Veenhuis, D. Walker, J. Walsh, M. Wang, A. Weidick and C. Zöckler (eds.) Arctic Report Card 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, D.C.

Abraham, K.F. & Jefferies, R.L. 1997. High goose populations: causes, impacts and implications. In: B. Batt (ed.) Arctic Ecosystems in Peril: Report of the Arctic Goose Habitat Working Group, Arctic Goose Joint Venture Special Publication, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC and Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 7–72.

Anisimov, O.A., Vaughan, D.G., Callaghan, T.V., Furgal, C., Marchant, H., Prowse, T.D., Vilhjalmsson, H. & Walsh, J.E. 2007. Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctica). In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson (eds.) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , UK . 653-685p.

Killengreen, S.T., Ims, R.A., Yoccoz, N.G., Brathen, K.A., Henden J.-A. & Schott, T. 2006. Structural characteristics of a low Arctic tundra ecosystem and the retreat of the Arctic Fox. Biol. Conserv. 135(4):459-472.

Miller, F.L. & Gunn, A. 2003. Catastrophic die-off of Peary Caribou on the Western Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canadian High Arctic. Arctic. 56:686-702.

Lantz, T.C. & Kokelj, S.V.. 2008. Increasing rates of retrogressive thaw slump activity in the Mackenzie Delta region, NWT, Canada. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (L06502.1).

Sturm, M., Racine, C. & Tape, K. 2001. Climate change: Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature. 411:546-547.

Wahren, C.-H.A., Walker, D. & Bret-Harte, M.S. 2005. Vegetation responses in Alaskan arctic tundra after 8 years of a summer warming and winter snow manipulation experiment. Glob. Change Biol. 11:537-552.

Drent, R.H., Eichhorn, G., Flagstad, A., Van der Graaf, A.J., Litvin, K.E., & Stahl, J. 2007. Migratory connectivity in arctic geese: spring stopovers are the weak links in meeting targets for breeding. J. Ornith. 148(2):501-514.

Stroud, D.A., Baker, A., Blanco, D.E., Davidson, N.C., Delany, S., Ganter, B., Gill, R., González, P., Haanstra, L., Morrison, R.I.G., Piersma, T., Scott, D.A., Thorup, O., West, R., Wilson, J., & Zöckler, C. 2006. The conservation and population status of the world’s waders at the turn of the millennium. In: C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith and D.A. Stroud (eds.) Waterbirds around the world. pp. 643-648. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK.

Piersma, T., Koolhaas, A., Dekinga, A., Beukema, J.J., Dekker, R. & Essink, K. 2001. Long-term indirect effects of mechanical cockle-dredging on intertidal bivalve stocks in the Wadden Sea. J. Appl. Ecol. 38:976-990.

Niles , L.J., Bart, J., Sitters, H.P., Dey, A.D., Clark, K.E., Atkinson, P.W., Baker, A.J., Bennett, K.A., Kalasz, K.S., Clark, N.A., Clark, J., Gillings, S., Gates, A.S., Gonzalez, P.M., Hernandez, D.E., Minton, C.D.T., Morrison, R.I.G., Porter, R.R., Ross, R.K. & Veitch, C.R. 2009. Effects of Horseshoe Crab Harvest in Delaware Bay on Red Knots: Are Harvest Restrictions Working? BioScience. 59(2):153.

Meltofte, H., Piersma, T., Boyd, H., McCaffery, B., Ganter, B., Golovnyuk, V.V., Graham, K., Gratto-Trevor, C.L., Morrison, R.I.G., Nol, E., Rösner, H.-U., Schamel, D., Schekkerman, H., Soloviev, M.Y., Tomkovich, P.S., Tracy, D.M., Tulp, I. & Wennerberg, L. 2007. Effects of climate variation on the breeding ecology of Arctic shorebirds. – Meddelelser om Grønland, Biosc. 59: 48 pp.

Status of the Barents Sea Ecosystem

Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
http://www.imr.no/tokt/toktomtaler/okosystemtoktet/toktdagbok_2010/fremdeles_lave_temperaturer_i_barentshavet/nb-no

Fisheries in the Bering Sea

Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report (SAFE Report) from NOAA / AFSC.

Marine Mammals

1. Moore, S.E. 2008. Marine mammals as ecosystem sentinels. Journal of Mammalogy 89:534-540.

2. George, J.C., J. Zeh, R. Suydam, and C. Clark. 2004. Abundance and population trend (1978 - 2001) of western Arctic bowhead whales surveyed near Barrow, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 20:755-773.

3. International Whaling Commission. 2008. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex F. Report of the Sub-Committee on Bowhead, Right and Gray Whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management (Supplement) 10:in press.

4. Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., K. Laidre, D. Borchers, F. Samarra, and H. Stern. 2007. Increasing abundance of bowhead whales in West Greenland. Biology Letters 3:577-580.

5. Rugh, D., D. DeMaster, A. Rooney, J. Breiwick, K. Shelden, and S. Moore. 2003. A review of bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) stock identity. J. Cetacean Res and Manage. 5:267-279.

6. Angliss, R. P., and B. M. Allen. 2009. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC 193.

7. Angliss, R.P., and R.B. Outlaw. 2005. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2005. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC 161.

8. Richard, P.R., J. Orr, and D.S. Barber. 1990. The distribution and abundance of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in eastern Canadian sub-Arctic waters: a revision and update. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 224: 23-38.

9. Richard, P.R. 2005. An estimate of the Western Hudson Bay beluga population size in 2004. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canadian Science Advisory Research Document, 2005/017.

10. COSEWIC. 2004a. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. (http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm)

11. Gosselin, J.-F. 2005. Abundance indices of belugas in James Bay and eastern Hudson Bay in summer 2004. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canadian Science Advisory Research Document, 2005/011.

12. Gosselin, J.-F., M.O. Hammill, V. Lesage. 2007. Comparison of photographic and visual abundance indices of belugas in the St. Lawrence Estuary in 2003 and 2005. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canadian Science Advisory Research Document, 2007/025.

13. Hammill, M.O., V. Lesage, J.-F. Gosselin. 2005. Abundance of Eastern Hudson Bay belugas. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canadian Science Advisory Research Document, 2005/010.

14. Hammill, M. O., V. Lesage, J. F. Gosselin, H. Bourdages, B.G.E. de March, and M.C.S. Kingsley. 2004. Evidence of a decline in northern Quebec (Nunavik) belugas. Arctic 57:183-195.

15. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 2002. Cumberland Sound Beluga. DFO Scientific Stock Status Report E5-32.

16. Innes, S., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, J.L. Laake, K.L. Laidre, H.J. Cleator, P.R. Richard, and R.E.A Stewart. 2002. Surveys of belugas and narwhals in the Canadian high Arctic in 1996. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 4:147-190.

17. Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., and M. Aquarone. 2002. Size and trends of bowhead whales, beluga and narwhal stocks wintering off West Greenland. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 4: 191-210.

18. IWC. 2000. Report of the Scientific Committee on Small Cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Volume 2 Supplement. April 2000.

19. Richard, P.R., J.L. Laake, R.C. Hobbs, M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, N.C. Asselin, and H. Cleator. Baffin Bay narwhal population distribution and numbers: aerial surveys in the Canadian High Arctic, 2002-2004. Arctic in press.

20. COSEWIC. 2004b. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the narwhal Monodon monoceros in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. (http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm)

21. NAMMCO. 2005. Report of the Joint Meeting of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee Working Ground on the population status of narwhal and beluga in the North Atlantic and the Canada/Greenland Joint Commission on Conservation and Management of Narwhal and Beluga Scientific Working Group, Nuuk, Greenland, 13-16 October 2005.

22. Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. 2004. Aerial digital photographic surveys of narwhals, Monodon monoceros, in northwest Greenland. Marine Mammal Science 20:246-261.

23. Gjertz, I. 1991. The narwhal, Monodon monoceros, in the Norwegian high Arctic. Marine Mammal Science 7:402-408.

24. Miyazaki, N. 2002. Ringed, Caspian, and Baikal seals Pusa hispida, P. caspica, and P. sibirica. pp. 1033-1037 In Encyclopedia of marine mammals, (W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thiewissen, eds.). Academic Press, London.

25. Karlsson, O., T. Härkönen, and B.M. Bäcklin. 2007. Seals on the increase (In Swedish -Sälar på uppgång). Havet 2007: 84-89.

26. Sipilä, T., and T. Kokkonen. 2008: Saimaannorppakannan tila vuonna 2007. Ilmaston muutoksen vaikutus sekä sen aiheuttaman haitan kompensoinnista. Metsähallitus, Etelä- Suomen Luontopalvelut, julkaisematon asiakirja nro 657/41/2008.

27. Agafonova, E.V., M.V. Verevkin, R.A. Sagitov, T. Sipilä, M.V. Sokolovskay, and V.U. Shahnazarova. 2007. The ringed seal in Lake Ladoga and the Valaam Archipelago. Baltic Fund for Nature of Saint-Petersburg Naturalist Society, St. Petersburg State University & Metsähallitus, Natural Heritage Services, Vammalan Kirjapaino OY.

28. Fedoseev, G.A. 2000. Population biology of ice-associated forms of seals and their role in the northern Pacific ecosystems. Moscow, Center for Russian Environmental Policy.

29. Cleator, H.J. 1996. The status of the bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus, in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 110: 501-510.

30. Gilbert, J., G. Fedoseev, D. Seagars, E. Razlivalov, and A. Lachugin. 1992. Aerial census of Pacific walrus, 1990. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Administrative Report R7/MMM 92-1.

31. Witting, L., and E. Born. 2005: An assessment of Greenland walrus populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62: 266–285.

32. Lydersen, C., J. Aars, and K.M. Kovacs. 2008. Estimating the number of walruses in Svalbard based on aerial surveys and behavioural data from satellite telemetry. Arctic 61: 119-128.

33. COSEWIC. 2006. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa. (http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_atlantic_walrus_e.pdf).

34. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. Undated. Status of marine mammals in the North Atlantic: the Atlantic walrus. (http://www.nammco.no/webcronize/images/Nammco/654.pdf)

35. Fay, F.H. 1982. Ecology and biology of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens, Illiger. North American Fauna Number 74. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.

36. Aars, J., N.L. Lunn, and A.E. Derocher. 2006. Polar bears: Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group 20–24 June 2005, Seattle, Washington, USA. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.

37. Aars, J., T.A. Marques, S.T. Buckland, M. Andersen, S. Belikov, A. Boltunov, Ø. Wiig. 2009. Estimating the Barents Sea polar bear subpopulation size. Marine Mammal Science 25:35-52.

38. G.W. Thiemann, A.E . Derocher, and I. Stirling.2008. Polar bear Ursus maritimus conservation in Canada: an ecological basis for identifying designatable units. Oryx 42:504-515.

39. Bluhm, B.A., and R. Gradinger. 2008. Regional variability in food availability for Arctic marine mammals. Ecological Applications 18(2) Supplement: S77-S96.

40. Laidre, K.L., I. Stirling, L.F. Lowry, O. Wiig, M.P. Heide-Jorgensen, and S.H. Ferguson. 2008. Quantifying the sensitivity of Arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change. Ecological Applications 18(2) Supplement: S97-S125.

41. Moore, S.E., and H.P. Huntington. Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecological Applications 18(2) Supplement: S157-S165.

42. Huntington, H.P., and S.E. Moore. 2008. Arctic Marine Mammals and Climate Change. Ecological Applications 18(2) Supplement: S1-S174.

43. Moore, S.E. 2008. Climate Change. pp. 238-241 In Encyclopedia of marine mammals, (W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thiewissen, eds.). Academic Press, London.

44. Kovacs, K.M., and C. Lydersen. 2008. Climate change impacts on seals and whales in the North Atlantic Arctic and adjacent shelf seas. Science Progress 91:117-150.

45. Amstrup, S.C., B.G. Marcot, and D.C. Dougles. 2008. A Bayesian network modeling approach to forecasting the 21st century worldwide status of polar bears. pp. 213-268 In Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Mechanisms, and Implications. Geophysical Monograph Series vol. 180. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC.

46. Stirling, I., N.J. Lunn, and J. Iacozza. 1999. Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate change. Arctic 52:294–306.

47. Regehr, E.V., N.J. Lunn, S.C. Amstrup, and I. Stirling. 2007. Survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to earlier sea ice breakup. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2673–2683.

48. Jay, C.V., and A.S. Fischbach. 2008. Pacific walrus response to Arctic sea ice losses. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3041. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3041/)

49. Freitas, C., K.M. Kovacs, R.A. Ims, and C. Lydersen. 2008. Predicting habitat use by ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in a warming Arctic. Ecological Modelling 217:19-32.

50. Durner, G.M., D.C. Douglas, R.M. Nielson, S.C. Amstrup, T.L. McDonald, I. Stirling, M. Mauritzen, E.W. Born, Ø. Wiig, E. DeWeaver, M.C. Serreze, S.E. Belikov, M.M. Holland, J. Maslanik, J. Aars, D.A. Bailey, and A.E. Derocher. 2009. Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models. Ecological Monographs 79:25-58.

51. Stirling, I., and T.G. Smith. 2004. Implications of warm temperatures and unusual rain event for the survival of ringed seals on the coast of southeastern Baffin Island. Arctic 57:59-67.

52. Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., and K.L. Laidre. 2004. Declining extent of open-water refugia for top predators in Baffin Bay and adjacent waters. Ambio 33:487-494.

53. Laidre, K.L., and M.P. Heide-Jøgensen. 2005. Arctic sea ice trends and narwhal vulnerability. Biological Conservation 121:509-517.

54. Ragen, T.J., H.P. Huntington, G.K. Hovelsrud. 2008. Conservation of Arctic marine mammals faced with climate change. Ecological Applications 18(2) Supplement: S166-S174.

55. Simpkins, M., K.M. Kovacs, K. Laidre, and L. Lowry. 2009. A Framework for Monitoring Arctic Marine Mammals - Findings of a Workshop Sponsored by the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Valencia, March 2007. CAFF International Secretariat, CAFF CBMP Report No. 16.

56. Thomas, P.O., and T.J. Ragen. 2009. Ensuring marine mammal conservation in a rapidly changing Arctic. WWF International Arctic Programme, The Circle 2:15-19.

Murres

Anker-Nilssen, T., Bakken, V., Ström, H., Golovkin, A.N., Bianki, V.V. and Tatarinkova, I.P. 2000. The status of marine birds breeding in the Barents Sea region.

Barrett, R.T. 2002. Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica and Common Guillemot Uria aalge chick diet and growth as indicators of fish stocks in the Barents Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230: 275-287.

Barrett, R.T., Lorentsen, S.H. and Anker-Nilssen, T. 2006. The status of breeding seabirds in mainland Norway. Atlantic Seabirds 8: 97-126.

Circumpolar Seabird Working Group. 1996. International Murre Conservation Streategy and Actiona Plan. CAFF International Secretariat. Environment Canada, Ottawa. 11pp.

Dragoo, D. E., Byrd, G.V. and Irons, D.B. 2008. Breeding status, population trends and diets of seabirds in Alaska, 2005. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Report AMNWR 08/03. Homer, Alaska.

Elliott, K., Woo, K., Gaston, A.J., Benvenuti, S., Dall'Antonia, and Davoren, G. 2008. Foraging behaviour of an arctic seabird indicates prey type. Marine Ecology Progress Series 354: 289-303.

Falk, K., Benvenuti, S., Dall'antonia, L., Kampp, K., Ribolini, A. 2000. Time allocation and foraging behaviour of chick-rearing Brunnich's Guillemots Uria lomvia in high-arctic Greenland. Ibis 142: 82-92.

Gaston, A.J. and Jones, I.L. 1998. The Auks – Alcidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Gaston, A.J., H.G. Gilchrist and J.M. Hipfner. 2005. Climate change, ice conditions and reproduction in an Arctic nesting marine bird: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia, L.). J. Animal Ecology 74: 832-841.

Gaston, A.J., Bertram, D.F., Boyne, A.W., Chardine, J.C., Davoren, G., Hedd, A., Hipfner, J.M., Lemon, M.J.F., Mallory, M.L., Montevecchi, W.A., Rail, J.F. and Robertson, G.W. 2009. Changes in Canadian seabird populations and ecology since 1970 in relation to changes in oceanography and food webs. Environmental reviews in press.

Irons, D.B., Anker-Nilssen, T., Gaston, A.J., Byrd, G.V., Falk, K., Gilchrist, G., Hario, M., Hjernquist, M., Krasnov, Y.V., Mosbech, A., Olsen, B., Petersen, A., Reid, J., Robertson, G., Strom, H. and Wohl, K.D. 2008. Magnitude of climate shift determines direction of circumpolar seabird population trends. Global Change Biology 14: 1455-1463.

Melvin, E. F., Parrish, J.K. and Conquest, L.L. 1999. Novel tools to reduce seabird bycatch in coastal gillnet fisheries. Conservation Biology 13: 1386-1397.

Osterblom, H., Bignert, A., Fransson, T. and Olsson, O. 2001. A decrease in fledging body mass in Common Guillemot Uria aalge chicks in the Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 224: 305-309.

Tull, C.E., Germain, P. and May, A.W. 1972. Mortality of Thick-billed Murres in the Greenland salmon fishery. Nature, Lond. 237: 42-44.

Vader W., Barrett R.T., Erikstad K.E. and Strann K.-B. 1990. Differential responses of Common and Thick-billed Murres to a crash in the Capelin stock in the southern Barents Sea. Studies in Avian Biology 14: 175-180

Arctic Char

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). 2001. Arctic flora and fauna: status and conservation. Arctic Council Program for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Helsinki, Finland. 272 p.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada [DFO]. 2006. Underwater World: Arctic char. 2 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/zone/underwater_sous-marin/omble/char-omble_e.htm; accessed 21 July 2008].

Johnson, L. 1980. The Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. In: Charrs: Salmonid fishes of the genus Salvelinus. Edited by: E.K. Balon. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands, p. 15–98.

Priest, H., and Usher, P.J. 2004. The Nunavut Wildlife Harvest Study, August 2004. Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, Iqaluit, NU. 814 p. + CD. [available from: http://www.nwmb.com/english/resources/publications.php; accessed: 24 July 2008].

Selected Recent Publications on Trends in Canadian Populations of Arctic Char

Dempson, J.B., Shears, M., Furey, G., and Bloom, M. 2004. Review and status of north Labrador Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2004/070: 46 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/284126.pdf; accessed: 24 July 2008].

DFO [Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 2004a. Cambridge Bay Arctic char. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Stock Status Report 2004/10: 15 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/284796.pdf; accessed: 24 July 2008].

Tallman, R. 2005. Stock assessment report on Kipisa Arctic char. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Science Advisory Report 2005/028: 14 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/status/2005/SAR-AS2005_028_E.pdf; accessed: 24 July 2008].

Selected Recent Publications on Trends in Canadian Populations of Dolly Varden

DFO [Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 2001. Rat River Dolly Varden. DFO Science Stock Status Report D5-61: 15 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/264842.pdf; accessed: 24 July 2008].

DFO [Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 2002a. Babbage River Dolly Varden. DFO Science Stock Status Report D5-62: 12 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/status/2002/SSR2002_D5-62_e.pdf; accessed: 24 July 2008].

DFO [Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 2002b. Big Fish River Dolly Varden. DFO Science Stock Status Report D5-60: 15 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/status/2002/SSR2002_D5-60_e.pdf; accessed: 24 July 2008].

DFO [Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 2002c. Firth River Dolly Varden. DFO Science Stock Status Report D5-63: 12 p. [available from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/status/2002/SSR2002_D5-63_e.pdf; accessed: 24 July 2008]

Goose Populations

Fox, A.D., Madsen, J., Boyd, H., Kuijken, E., Norris, D.W., Tombre, I.M., and Stroud, D.A. (2005) Effects of agricultural change on abundance, fitness components and distribution of two arctic-nesting goose populations. Glob. Change Biol., 11: 881–893.

Madsen, J., Reed, A., and Andre, A.(1996) Status and trends of geese (Branta and Anser sp.) in the world: Review, updating and evaluation. Gibier Faune Sauvage, Game Wildlife., 13: 337–353.

Van Eerden, M.R., Zijlstra, M., and Van Roomen, M. (1996) The response of Anatidae to changes in agricultural practice: long term shifts in the carrying capacity for wintering waterfowl. Gibier Faune Sauvage, Game Wildlife, 13: 681–706.

Wetlands International (2006) Waterbirds Population Estimates - Fourth edition.

More information

Fox, A.D., Stroud, D.A., Walsh, A.J., Wilson, H.J., Norris, D.W., and Francis, I.S. (2006) The rise and fall of the Greenland White-fronted Goose: a case study in international conservation. Brit. Birds, 99: 242–261.

Kerbes, R.H., Kotanen, P.M., and Jefferies, R.L. (1990) Destruction of wetlands habitats by Lesser Snow Geese: a keystone species on the west coast of Hudson Bay. J. Appl. Ecol., 27: 242–258.

O'Connell, M.J., Huiskes, A.H.L., Loonen, M.J.J.E., Madsen, J., Klaassen, M., and Rounsevell, M. (2006) Developing an integrated approach to understanding the effects of climate change and other environmental alterations at a flyway level. Waterbirds around the World. Eds. G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith & D.A. Stroud. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK. pp. 385–397.

October 18, 2010

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